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• 4. Gps To Design Design Water Supply System Definition
• 4. Gps To Design Design Water Supply System Map
• 4. Gps To Design Design Water Supply System Using
• 4. Gps To Design Design Water Supply System In Building

• Water supply and sanitation facilities for rural population. In most rural communities in Sri Lanka, the prevailing water supply conditions are very different from urban installations. Usually the number of people to be served by such a water supply scheme is small and the low population density makes piped distribution of the water costly.
• Water Supply Design DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME MAIN PURPOSE The purpose of this project is to design the “Water Distribution Scheme” for a society which includes the Diameter of pipes, Lengths of Pipes, Pressure in pipes, Turbine Motor, Storage Tank and Strainer length.
• Water Supply Design DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME MAIN PURPOSE The purpose of this project is to design the “Water Distribution Scheme” for a society which includes the Diameter of pipes, Lengths of Pipes, Pressure in pipes, Turbine Motor, Storage Tank and Strainer length.Water Supply Design.
• The most basic concepts in planning and design of water supply systems are already well shaped and currently widely used. The unique system provides the drinking quality water, regardless that many users of high quantity water would tolerate water of lesser quality. Sometimes users of large quantities of non-drinking water quality may construct.

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Source: The Ground Water Atlas of Colorado

The system in Figure 2 is a typical domestic water supply system that takes it' s="" water="" from="" a="" shallow="" well="" (25="" feet="" down="" max.)="" using="" an="" end="" suction="" centrifugal="" pump.="">

Figure 2

Figure 2a Typical jet pump.

For more details on the construction of jet pumps see this article: specialty pumps.

The system in Figure 3 is another typical domestic water supply system that takes it's water from a deep well (200-300 feet) and uses a multi-stage submersible pump often called a turbine pump.

Figure 3

Figure 3a

source: The Ground Water Atlas of Colorado

Figure 3b

Figure 3c Typical deep well submersible pump

Pressure, friction and flow

4. Gps To Design Design Water Supply System Definition

Figure 4

Pressure, friction and flow are three important characteristics of a pump system. Pressure is the driving force responsible for the movement of the fluid. Download ninja saga weapon hack 2012. Friction is the force that slows down fluid particles. Flow rate is the amount of volume that is displaced per unit time. The unit of flow in North America, at least in the pump industry, is the US gallon per minute, USgpm. From now on I will just use gallons per minute or gpm. In the metric system, flow is in liters per second (L/s) or meters cube per hour (m³/h).

Pressure is often expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) in the Imperial system and kiloPascals (kPa) in the metric system. In the Imperial system of measurement, the unit psig or pounds per square inch gauge is used, it means that the pressure measurement is relative to the local atmospheric pressure, so that 5 psig is 5 psi above the local atmospheric pressure. In the metric system, the kPa unit scale is a scale of absolute pressure measurement and there is no kPag, but many people use the kPa as a relative measurement to the local atmosphere and don't bother to specify this. This is not a fault of the metric system but the way people use it. The term pressure loss or pressure drop is often used, this refers to the decrease in pressure in the system due to friction. In a pipe or tube that is at the same level, your garden hose for example, the pressure is high at the tap and zero at the hose outlet, this decrease in pressure is due to friction and is the pressure loss.

As an example of the use of pressure and flow units, the pressure available to domestic water systems varies greatly depending on your location with respect to the water treatment plant. It can vary between 30 and 70 psi or more. The following table gives the expected flow rate that you would obtain for different pipe sizes assuming the pipe or tube is kept at the same level as the connection to the main water pressure supply and has a 100 feet of length.

The unit of friction is..Sorry, I think I need to wait 'til we get closer to the end to explain the reasoning behind this unit.

Figure 5

Pressure provides the driving force to overcome friction and elevation difference. It's responsible for driving the fluid through the system, the pump provides the pressure. Pressure is increased when fluid particles are forced closer together. For example, in a fire extinguisher work or energy has been spent to pressurize the liquid chemical within, that energy can be stored and used later. Is it possible to pressurize a liquid within a container that is open? Yes. A good example is a syringe, as you push down on the plunger the pressure increases, and the harder you have to push. There is enough friction as the fluid moves through the needle to produce a great deal of pressure in the body of the syringe

Figure 6

If we apply this idea to the pump system of Figure 5, even though the discharge pipe end is open, it is possible to have pressure at the pump discharge because there is sufficient friction in the system and elevation difference.

What is friction in a pump system

Friction is always present, even in fluids, it is the force that resists the movement of objects.

Figure 7

When you move a solid on a hard surface, there is friction between the object and the surface. If you put wheels on it, there will be less friction. In the case of moving fluids such as water, there is even less friction but it can become significant for long pipes. Friction can also be high for short pipes which have a high flow rate and small diameter as in the syringe example.

In fluids, friction occurs between fluid layers that are traveling at different velocities within the pipe. There is a natural tendency for the fluid velocity to be higher in the center of the pipe than near the wall of the pipe. Friction will also be high for viscous fluids and fluids with suspended particles.

Figure 8

Another cause of friction is the interaction of the fluid with the pipe wall, the rougher the pipe, the higher the friction.

Friction depends on:

- average velocity of the fluid within the pipe see this web app calculator for velocity based on flow rate

- viscosity

- pipe surface roughness

An increase in any one of these parameters will increase friction.

The amount of energy required to overcome the total friction energy within the system has to be supplied by the pump if you want to achieve the required flow rate. In industrial systems, friction is not normally a large part of a pump's energy output. For typical systems, it is around 25% of the total. If it becomes much higher then you should examine the system to see if the pipes are too small. However all pump systems are different, in some systems the friction energy may represent 100% of the pump's energy. This is what makes pump systems interesting, there is a million and one applications for them. In household systems, friction can be a greater proportion of the pump energy output, maybe up to 50% of the total because small pipes produce higher friction than larger pipes for the same average fluid velocity in the pipe (see the friction chart later in this tutorial).

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• Historical background
• Water sources
  • Surface water and groundwater
• Water requirements
  • Drinking-water quality
• Water treatment
  • Clarification
  • Disinfection
  • Additional treatment
  • Desalination
• Water distribution
  • Pipelines

4. Gps To Design Design Water Supply System Map

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4. Gps To Design Design Water Supply System Using

Water supply system, infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for such public needs as firefighting and street flushing. Of all municipal services, provision of potable water is perhaps the most vital. People depend on water for drinking, cooking, washing, carrying away wastes, and other domestic needs. Water supply systems must also meet requirements for public, commercial, and industrial activities. In all cases, the water must fulfill both quality and quantity requirements.

Historical background

Developments in supply systems

Water was an important factor in the location of the earliest settled communities, and the evolution of public water supply systems is tied directly to the growth of cities. In the development of water resources beyond their natural condition in rivers, lakes, and springs, the digging of shallow wells was probably the earliest innovation. As the need for water increased and tools were developed, wells were made deeper. Brick-lined wells were built by city dwellers in the Indus River basin as early as 2500 bce, and wells almost 500 metres (more than 1,600 feet) deep are known to have been used in ancient China.

Construction of qanāts, slightly sloping tunnels driven into hillsides that contained groundwater, probably originated in ancient Persia about 700 bce. From the hillsides the water was conveyed by gravity in open channels to nearby towns or cities. The use of qanāts became widespread throughout the region, and some are still in existence. Until 1933 the Iranian capital city, Tehrān, drew its entire water supply from a system of qanāts.

The need to channel water supplies from distant sources was an outcome of the growth of urban communities. Among the most notable of ancient water-conveyance systems are the aqueducts built between 312 bce and 455 ce throughout the Roman Empire. Some of these impressive works are still in existence. The writings of Sextus Julius Frontinus (who was appointed superintendent of Roman aqueducts in 97 ce) provide information about the design and construction of the 11 major aqueducts that supplied Rome itself. Extending from a distant spring-fed area, a lake, or a river, a typical Roman aqueduct included a series of underground and aboveground channels. The longest was the Aqua Marcia, built in 144 bce. Its source was about 37 km (23 miles) from Rome. The aqueduct itself was 92 km (57 miles) long, however, because it had to meander along land contours in order to maintain a steady flow of water. For about 80 km (50 miles) the aqueduct was underground in a covered trench, and only for the last 11 km (7 miles) was it carried aboveground on an arcade. In fact, most of the combined length of the aqueducts supplying Rome (about 420 km [260 miles]) was built as covered trenches or tunnels. When crossing a valley, aqueducts were supported by arcades comprising one or more levels of massive granite piers and impressive arches.

The aqueducts ended in Rome at distribution reservoirs, from which the water was conveyed to public baths or fountains. A few very wealthy or privileged citizens had water piped directly into their homes, but most of the people carried water in containers from a public fountain. Water was running constantly, the excess being used to clean the streets and flush the sewers.

Ancient aqueducts and pipelines were not capable of withstanding much pressure. Channels were constructed of cut stone, brick, rubble, or rough concrete. Pipes were typically made of drilled stone or of hollowed wooden logs, although clay and lead pipes were also used. During the Middle Ages there was no notable progress in the methods or materials used to convey and distribute water.

Cast iron pipes with joints capable of withstanding high pressures were not used very much until the early 19th century. The steam engine was first applied to water-pumping operations at about that time, making it possible for all but the smallest communities to have drinking water supplied directly to individual homes. Asbestoscement, ductile iron, reinforced concrete, and steel came into use as materials for water supply pipelines in the 20th century.

Developments in water treatment

In addition to quantity of supply, water quality is also of concern. Even the ancients had an appreciation for the importance of water purity. Sanskrit writings from as early as 2000 bce tell how to purify foul water by boiling and filtering. But it was not until the middle of the 19th century that a direct link between polluted water and disease (cholera) was proved, and it was not until the end of that same century that the German bacteriologist Robert Koch proved the germ theory of disease, establishing a scientific basis for the treatment and sanitation of drinking water.

4. Gps To Design Design Water Supply System In Building

Water treatment is the alteration of a water source in order to achieve a quality that meets specified goals. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, the main goal was elimination of deadly waterborne diseases. The treatment of public drinking water to remove pathogenic, or disease-causing, microorganisms began about that time. Treatment methods included sand filtration as well as the use of chlorine for disinfection. The virtual elimination of diseases such as cholera and typhoid in developed countries proved the success of this water-treatment technology. In developing countries, waterborne disease is still the principal water quality concern.

In industrialized countries, concern has shifted to the chronic health effects related to chemical contamination. For example, trace amounts of certain synthetic organic substances in drinking water are suspected of causing cancer in humans. Lead in drinking water, usually leached from corroded lead pipes, can result in gradual lead poisoning and may cause developmental delays in children. The added goal of reducing such health risks is seen in the continually increasing number of factors included in drinking-water standards.

Water sources

Global distribution

Water is present in abundant quantities on and under Earth’s surface, but less than 1 percent of it is liquid fresh water. Most of Earth’s estimated 1.4 billion cubic km (326 million cubic miles) of water is in the oceans or frozen in polar ice caps and glaciers. Ocean water contains about 35 grams per litre (4.5 ounces per gallon) of dissolved minerals or salts, making it unfit for drinking and for most industrial or agricultural uses.

There is ample fresh water—water containing less than 3 grams of salts per litre, or less than one-eighth ounce of salts per gallon—to satisfy all human needs. It is not always available, though, at the times and places it is needed, and it is not uniformly distributed over the globe, sometimes resulting in water scarcity for susceptible communities. In many locations the availability of good-quality water is further reduced because of urban development, industrial growth, and environmental pollution.